Talking Clocks and Deranged Springs - Descartes's View on Animals

[Gareth Southwell]

Descartes's dualism led him to have some very controversial opinions on animals. This essay looks at these views in detail, and asks whether it is coherent.

You can download the essay here: www.philosophyonline.co.uk/philosophy-study-resources/descartes-meditations/further-reading/#philosophical

Feel free to discuss any ideas or reactions you have below.

[Gareth Southwell]

Just a quick note:

In the article, I say that there is no direct evidence that Descartes performed vivisection, but certain things have come to light which now persuade me that this may not be true. Apparently, in his correspondence, Descartes a number of times makes reference to dissecting living animals - e.g. rabbits and dogs.

However, this does not actually affect the main conclusions of the essay (which concern animal consciousness), and where I only point out that (whilst it is likely that he performed vivisection) there was no evidence. The main rumour - that Descartes nailed cats to trees - still appears to be false (though this will be little comfort to those concerned with animal rights).

[Scott]

Hi

I came across your essay after searching for references for an essay I'm writing now - Descartes, Misrepresented, or a Brute Himself?    I may have to work on the title - I like yours better.

As I'm working far from scholarly libraries, I'm struggling to get relevant quotations from Cottingham's 'A Brute to the Brutes'? Descartes' Treatment of Animals Philosophy 63 (1988). Do you know of an online version I can consult?

I will post my essay here as a draft. I am now consciousness of trying not to refer overly to your own, but the intent in writing it was identical. Mine will be a shorter expose - 2500 words as an introductory MA essay on Descartes - but I need perhaps to find an original angle....

Scott

[Gareth Southwell]

Hi Scott,

I don't know of any full online versions of the Cottingham essay, but doing a search on Google Books will give you a limited preview.

Yes, please post your essay - I'm interested to hear your thoughts.

By the way, since writing the article, it's come to my attention that Descartes almost certainly DID perform vivisection (though possibly not the "nailing cats to trees" variety").

For instance (AT refers to the 12 vol "Oeuvres de Descartes" by Adam and Tannery, by the way):

AT I: he describes how, if you whip a dog whilst playing a violin, it will whimper in time to the music!

AT II 66 (letter to Plempius, 23 March 1638): describes operations on a living eel's heart.

AT XI: 'If you cut off the end of the heart of a living dog and insert your finger through the incision into one of the concavities, you will clearly feel that every time the heart shortens, it presses your finger, and stops pressing it every time it lengthens.'

AT XI 243: describes an operation on a living rabbit.

Letter to Plempius of 15 Feb 1638 (pages 79-85 of Vol III of the Cambridge 'Philosophical Writings' (ed and transl Cottingham et al): "For this is disproved by an utterly decisive experiment, which I was interested to observe several times before, and which I performed today in the course of writing this letter. First, I opened the chest of a live rabbit and removed the ribs to expose the heart and the trunk of the aorta. I then tied the aorta with a thread a good distance from the heart..." (page 81).

Rodis-Lewis, 'Descartes, His Life and Times' (English translation, Cornell, 1995) also assumes that Descartes performed vivisection (see p.85).

(Thanks to various members of the Philos-L philosophy list for pointing out the above.)

So, that sort of clarifies the point that I leave open in the essay, and it also supports the conclusion: the basis on which Descartes ignores animal consciousness is unsound.

Good luck with your essay!